An object on the map used for deictic references. Language expressions may also depend on the visual, as opposed to verbal, context. An utterance like Could you pass me the salt? , uttered, e.g., at a restaurant, is usually understandable even if salt hasn’t been mentioned before; the recipient can recover the referent of the expression the salt from the visual context. (An even clearer example is Could you please close the window? .) We will use the term deictic references to refer to these expressions. (Artstein & Poesio, 2006, ARRAU)